Sam Zorfas and Alex Haney

The purpose of this blog is to analyze and compare demographic data between countries and continents to formulate generalizations.

1. China and India have the largest populations in the world. Which of these two countries adds more people to its population annually? [Calculate the numbers added by applying the rate of natural increase to the population of each country. Hint: the rate is a percent]

Number of people added anually = Country’s population x Natural Rate of Increase

Table 1. Number of people added annually in China and India

1. What proportion of the world’s people live the following continents/regions and what are the projected proportions by 2025 and 2050?

Chart 1. Distribution of people in the continents today, in 2025, and 2050

x

Table 2. Percentage of World Population in each continent today, in 2025, and in 2050

% of people in each continent = (Continent Population / World Population) x 100

Use the data above and Excel to construct a bar chart showing the regional distributions of the world’s population for the current year, 2025, and 2050. Save your graph.

What trends are reflected in the bar chart?

Asia is slowly decreasing but still has the biggest population. North America barely decreases in 2025, but then barely increases in 2050. Latin America decreases the whole time. Europe decreases the whole at the quickest rate. Oceania is slowly increasing in 2025 and 2050.

1. What proportion of the world’s people live in less developed countries (LDCs) and in more developed countries (MDCs) today? What proportion is projected to live in LDCs  and MDCs in 2025 and in 2050?

Table 3. Percentage of World Population in Less Developed Countries and More Developed Countries today, in 2025, and in 2050

% of people in LDCs/MDCs = (Population in LDCs or MDCs / Total World Population) x 100

Discuss with your partner a) the economic and b) the social implications of the changing proportions of the world’s people in LDCs and MDCs. Record your observations.

The LDCs percentages are increasing as the MDCs populations are decreasing. This isn’t because MDCs populations are decreasing, it is because of the exponential growth of the LDCs population. Economically and socially this is extremely damaging to the LDCs because they already have little resources and a growing population will only make them go away faster. Socially, the growing populations is  just going to create diseases and tension between the people for food and water.

The MDCs populations may seem to be decreasing, but it is increasing, just at a slower rate than LDCs. This is going to be a problem economically because MDCs tend to use up resources at a faster rate than LDCs. So as the population increases, the more important resources such as coal, oil etc. at a quicker rate. Socially, because the countries are more developed, there are more educated people who are more conscious about how many kids they have. There is family planning involved.

1. Examine the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and rate of natural increase of any three countries (one being your own country) listed on the World Population Data Sheet.

Table 4. Crude birth rate, Crude death rate, and rate of natural increase in USA, Greece, and Israel

Crude birth rate = (Births per 1,000 people / 1,000) x 100

Crude death rate = (Deaths per 1,000 people / 1,000) x 100

Rate of natural increase = Crude birth rate – Crude death rate

Discuss with your group partner the mathematical relationship among these three rates. Record your observations.

To find the rate of natural increase, we found the crude birth rates of each country. Then we found the crude death rates of each country. Next, we subtracted the crude death rate for each country from the crude birth rate. Therefore, the difference between these two numbers is the natural rate of increase. Here, in the chart are the numbers for USA, Greece, and Israel.

The age-dependency ratio is the ratio of persons in the “dependent” ages (under 15 and over 64 years) to those in the “economically productive” ages (15-64 years) in a population. The age-dependency ratio is often used as an indicator of the economic burden the productive portion of a population must carry—even though some persons defined as “dependent” are producers and some persons in the “productive” age range are economically dependent.

The formula for this ratio:

[Hint: The three percents will equal 100%. ]

The age-dependency ratio in the United States in 2004 was:

This means that there were 49 people in the dependent ages for every 100 people of working age.

1. Select 2 LDCs and 2 MDCs from the data sheet and compute the age-dependency ratios for each.

Table 5. Age-dependency ratios in Ghana, Gambia, Ireland, and Germany

Discuss with your partner the implications of your observations:

We decided to determine the age-dependency ratios for two LDC’s (Ghana and Gambia) and two MDC’s (Ireland and Germany). We first found the percent of population ages <15 and added it to the percent of population ages +65. Then we subtracted this from 100. This difference would be the percent of population ages 15-65. Next we would take the sum of the percent of population ages <15 and percent of population ages +65 and divide it by the percent of population ages 15-65.

Lastly, we would multiply this number by 100. This number would be a number out of 100 that are age-dependent.

• What factors do you think contribute to a high age-dependency ratio?

Factors such as high population density and resource availability contribute to high age-dependency. If there are more people leaving in an area, than there is a higher demand for resources. A higher demand for resources can create and imbalance of distribution of money between the rich and the poor. If money is only available to a small group of people, than there is a large part of the population that is poor. Consequently, a large part of the population is age-dependent.

• What are some economic and social consequences of a high age-dependency ratio?

If a country has a high age-dependency ratio, many social and economic issues can arise. A large poor, dependent population can be a burden upon society. This can create tension between the dependent and independent populations because one group is highly dependent on the other to support them. Taxes can be an economic and social consequence because a small group of independent people is responsible for compensating for large part of the society that is age-dependent. Taxes can be a social consequence because the dependent individuals can be treated as social pariahs because they cannot support themselves.

Part B.  Interpreting Age-Sex Graphs

Introduction

What Is an Age-Sex Graph?

An age-sex graph, commonly referred to as a population pyramid even though the graph for some countries is not actually a pyramid shape, displays a population’s age and sex composition. Horizontal bars represent the numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group, or cohort. The sum of all the age-sex cohorts in the population pyramid equals 100 percent of the population. Cohorts may vary from single years to groups of years.

Fig. 1. Example of age-sex graph with five-year cohord.

The left side of the pyramid represents the male population and the right side, the female population. The bars at the bottom of the pyramid represent the percent of the population that is male, 0-4 years old (left) and the percent of the population that is female, 0-4 years old (right). Each bar above the base represents the next five-year cohort, male and female, in the population. As cohorts age, they inevitably lose members because of death and they may gain or lose members because of migration. After age 45 the loss of population accelerates, causing the narrowing peak of all population pyramids.

Population pyramids reveal a great deal about a population at a glance. Populations of countries can differ markedly as a result of past and current patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration.

Chart 2. Male and Female age distribution in Israel

Table 6. Demographic Indicators in Israel

Table 2. Demographic indicators for one of the countries selected.

Select “Population Pyramids” from the menu at the top of the web page.

You have constructed an age-sex pyramid. Copy and paste this pyramid below:

Chart 3. Male and Female age distribution in Thailand

Collect the demographic indicators for the second country selected.

Table 7.  Demographic Indicators in Thailand

Table 23. Demographic indicators for the second country selected.

Select “Population Pyramids” from the menu at the top of the web page.

You have constructed an age-sex pyramid. Copy and paste this pyramid below:

Compare the demographic indicators from the two countries. What generalizations can be made concerning demographic indicators and level of development? [for example, if the birth rate is high, then the level of development is...]. Form at least two generalizations that are supported by the pyramids and data charts.

From these demographic indicators, it is clear that Israel is a more developed country than Thailand. The births per 1,000 people in Israel is 20, while Thailand’s is 13.01. Thailand has a deaths per 1,000 people is 6.47 while Israel is only at 5 per 1,000 people. This gives Israel a higher natural rate of increase. Usually, less developed countries grow quicker than more developed countries, though according to Molles (2010), “most developing countries are growing” (p. 259). Israel being a Jewish State, it is tradition for Jewish families to have larger families. The GNP/capita in $ is $5,990 while Israel is at $27,450 which is a reason why life expectancy is at 78 for males and 83 for females in Israel while Thailand is only at 72 for males at 77 for females. More money means better lifestyle and access to more health care benefits. Israel’s infant mortality rate per 1,000 births is 4 while Thailand is at a higher 17. When comparing a more developed country to a less developed country, these are typical results.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. (e.g. U.S. Census Bureau “International Database,” available at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ and World Population Data Sheet for 2010 (http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pd)

2. Molles, M.C. (2010). Ecology. Concepts and Applications. 5th Ed. NY: McGraw-Hill.

The topic I chose: The Rise of Water Scarcity and How it Should be Counteracted

Molles (2010) states that “water plays a central role in the lives of all organisms” (p. 126). This means that without water the survival of organisms would be impossible. Water was previously considered a renewable resource. Though, with the increase of the human population and water pollution, this is no longer the case. Molles (2010) remarks that less than 1% of the world’s water is freshwater (p. 45). Therefore, water availability is decreasing and devastating effects are starting to occur.

The average person needs to drink about eight 8-ounce glasses (or 1.9 liters) of water daily. So, water is a daily necessity for people. However, water is limited. The growing human population and water pollution has become an enormous stressor on water availability.

Fig. 1

Water Availability Map

“Source”

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41997000/gif/_41997832_stockholm_water_main.gif

This is an extremely urgent issue because water is a resource that people need every day. Strict measures of water conservation should immediately be taken if we want current and future generations to have access to freshwater.

Here is a video that explains how in 2050 India’s water demand will be noticeably larger than its availability. It also  describes ways in which they can possibly combat this situation.

Vid. 1

Acute Water Scarcity by 2050

“Source”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjG5zmIrXUI

“Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies” discusses how water scarcity is climbing due to the escalation of the human population. The article states that water stress in 2050 will be five times what it is now in countries who are already experiencing water stress. Even though population growth is increasing, it is increasing at a slower rate than what was predicted in 1994. Even though population growth is still occurring, slower population growth will give countries more time to “develop alternate sources of water, to switch to more efficient irrigation techniques, and to implement water conservation plans” (Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies).

I believe this site is very credible. Firstly, it’s domain is “.edu” therefore it’s an educational site. Also, it has numerous sources on its reference list that are from many prestigious new papers and journals. An author is not provided, but writer constantly gives proper citations throughout the article. The author also speaks with much knowledge while still staying objective.

References

1. Molles, M.C. (2010). Ecology. Concepts and Applications. 5th Ed. NY: McGraw-Hill.

2. Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies (1998). Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/salton/PopFreshwaterSources.html

An ecological footprint is how many Earth’s it takes to maintain the lifestyle of a person.

Energy and nutrients flow throughout ecosystems from producers to plants to primary consumers to secondary consumers to tertiary consumers to decomposers and then back to producers again.

http://alaska.fws.gov/fire/role/unit1/images/I-6.jpg

For a diet that had a consumption of 100% plant and 0% animal for a year, it would take 730,000 ecologically equivalent calories to support them for a year. For a diet that had a consumption of 90% plant and 10% animal for a year, it would take 1,387,000 ecologically equivalent calories to support them for a year. For a diet that had a consumption of 50% plant and 50% animal for a year, it would take 4,015,000 ecologically equivalent calories to support them for a year. For a diet that had a consumption of 0% plant and 100% animal for a year, it would take 7,300,000  ecologically equivalent calories to support them for a year.

The diet of someone who only consumes plant products is double to that of someone who only consumes animal products. One who consumes as little at 10% of animal calories additionally consumes 1,800 ecologically equivalent calories.

I believe that about 10% of my calorie consumption comes from animals. Since my animal consumption is about 10% and my plant consumption is about 90%, my total ecologically equivalent calories is 3,800. If I were a vegetarian I would consume 200 more ecologically equivalent calories compared to my present diet.

My Diet

AND

http://alaska.fws.gov/fire/role/unit1/images/I-6.jpg http://www.faqs.org/photodict/photofiles/list/408/777meat.jpg

A global problem is providing enough food for the growing human population. One contributing factor is “poor crop production” (Miller 2010). This is especially a problem in China because while it has 20% of the world’s population, it’s arable land is only 6%; also, this ratio will steepen as population grows (Miller 2010). It is unfortunate that populations of poorer nations are developing an American diet (a diet rich in animal protein and fat) because these cravings cannot be supported. East Africa for example suffers from “land and water constraints, underinvestment in rural infrastructure and agriculture, lack of access to fertilizer and irrigation, trade policies, and weather disruptions” which attribute to extremely low food production (Dorélien 2008).

http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2002/01/somalia/pics/somalia_2001a.gif

References

1. Dorélien, Audrey. Population’s Role in the Current Food Crisis: Focus on East Africa. Retrieved October 25, 2010 from http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/foodsecurityeastafrica.aspx

2. Miller, C.W. Food Shortages, Fresh Water Shortages, Population Growth, Real Serious Bubbles. Retrieved October 25, 2010 from
“http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5714032/food_shortages_fresh_water_shortages_pg2.html?cat=3

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SpH7EL7jLqU/Su7CQRoE-JI/AAAAAAAAAFI/E-GUWKRtwnM/s400/cute+baby.jpg

Basic Biology of Ursus Maritimus

The purpose of this assignment is to research a species that lives in an extreme environment and see how they use thermoregulation to maintain a stable body temperature.

Ursus Maritimus more commonly known as the polar bear lives “throughout the circumpolar Arctic on ice-covered waters, from Canada, to Norway, parts of the US, the former USSR and Greenland (Denmark)” (Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) 2006). Therefore, they live the tundra. Molles (2010) states that tundras experience temperatures ranging from -30º C to 32º C and receive 200 to 600 mm of precipitation annually; however, because of the average temperature is so low, the precipitation exceeds the evaporation making up for the low amount of precipitation (p. 36). Therefore, there is plenty of water for polar bears. During some periods, they are actually forced onto land waiting for winter and new ice because the old ice has melted (Molles p. 36).

http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/2/cute-polar-bear-family_8055.jpg

Polar bears must compensate given their extreme environment. This is done by thermoregulation. It is necessary for polar bears to thermoregulate because they live in extremely frigid temperatures, walk on snow, and swim in freezing water (Øritsland 1974).

Thermoregulation of Ursus Maritimus in Terms of K. Schmidt- Nielsen’s Heat Gain/Heat Loss Equation, H(s) = H(m) +/- H(cd) +/- H(cv) +/- H(rd) – H(e)

Polar bears are able to control their body temperature in a variety of ways. Referring to K. Schmidt- Nielsen’s heat gain/heat loss equation, polar bears rely on H(cd) and H(cv) to maintain their body temperature. This occurs because they have “a pair of thin muscle sheets on the torso [that] facilitates heat dissipation” (Øritsland 1974). Water has the ability to absorb heat 3,000 times that of air (Molles p. 115). Therefore, polar bears must find ways to survive in freezing waters. When polar bears swim they rely on their “subcutaneous fat and peripheral muscles” to insulate themselves, which helps prevent heat loss through H(cd) (Øritsland 1974).

http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/01212/swim.jpg

The snow, which polar bears walk on, provides another possibility for heat loss through H(cd). However, the foot pads of the bears have major blood vessels running through them that “[control] the blood supply to the pad surface” which in turn conserves heat (Øritsland 1974). Polar bears also take advantage of their black skin that preserves heat through H(rd) (Polar Bear 2010). Additionally, they have their white coat of fur. However, this hair does not protect polar bears from chilly winds; therefore, there is negative H(cv). Polar bears counteract this with “[digging] shelters in snow banks and [curling] up in a tight ball” (Home Range and Cold Climate 2010).

http://cache.boston.com/resize/bonzai-fba/Globe_Photo/2010/04/09/1270826486_0346/539w.jpg

Even though polar bears live in a rough environment, they have many adaptations to prevent heat loss and preserve heat gain. Maintaining a stable body temperature is important for polar bears because most species in general “perform best in a fairly narrow range of temperatures” (Molles p.104). All functions of organisms rely on chemical reactions. Enzymes are a type of protein, which are sensitive to temperature, that are needed to regulate chemical reactions. There is a specific temperature that is ideal for reactions and therefore peak performance (Molles p.105). For this reason, temperature regulation in polar bears is extremely crucial.

References

1. Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) (2006). Retrieved October 18, 2010 from http://www.arkive.org/polar-bear/ursus-maritimus/#text=RangeHabitat.

2. Molles, M.C. (2010). Ecology. Concepts and Applications. 5th Ed. NY: McGraw-Hill.

3. Øritsland, N. A. (1974). Radiative Surface Temperatures of the Polar Bear (1974). Jstor. Retrieved from   http://www.jstor.org/stable/1379018.

4. Polar Bear (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2010 from http://www.thebigzoo.com/Animals/Polar_Bear.asp.

5. Home Range and Cold Climate (2010). Retrieved from http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/bear-essentials-polar-style/adaptation/home-range-and-cold-climate.

How Global Warming Affects the Ocean

Global warming is currently affecting many parts of the Earth. Here, I specifically discuss how oceans are affected by global warming while using Elizabeth Kolbert’s article, A Darkening Sea as a reference (http://www.pacificviews.org/weblog/archives/002334.html). A major consequence of global warming on oceans is acidification.  This process is occurring because of the large quantity of carbon dioxide that the ocean is absorbing. Therefore, the pH is decreasing. In the past, the ocean and the atmosphere have exchanged gases at an equal rate. However, now the ocean is absorbing more carbon dioxide than it is releasing. Not only is this undertaking irreversible, but also the ocean would still absorb carbon dioxide to reach a new equilibrium even if the release of carbon dioxide were able to cease. What is still not known is how life will react to this acidification.

http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs348b-competition/cs348b-01/ocean_scenes/ocean2.gif

Problems and Prevention of Overfishing

Humans have an immense negative influence on oceans. One particular thing humans are guilty of is overfishing.

There are a variety of serious problems that result from overfishing (Kraycar http://web.bryant.edu/~langlois/coastal/overfishingeffects.htm). One is the loss of genetic diversity in an ocean. The issue with this is that the ability of a population to adapt to its environment greatly decreases. This can eventually lead to the extinctions of numerous species of fish. Consequently, the extinction of fish is another dilemma. In Molles’ Ecology, he voices “marine fish populations, which once seemed inexhaustible, are now all but gone and fishing fleets sit idle in ports all over the world” (Molles pp. 51). Coral reefs are also being affected by overfishing because there is now a superfluity of algae that is overwhelming them (Kraycar). Lastly, overfishing is also negatively influencing the diet of humans (Kraycar). A fifth of the human population relies on fish as a protein source. If overfishing continues to magnify, humans will have to find other accommodations for protein. Although there are many detrimental repercussions of overfishing, there are countless techniques to prevent it.

http://marinebio.org/i/bycatch.jpg

Being informed is one way to inhibit overfishing. For example, consumers and buyers need to know if the fish they are eating/buying are endangered (here is a list of fish that should be avoided http://www.fishonline.org/advice/avoid/). Another way to avoid overfishing is enforcing laws (countries have laws, but they are not enforced) about it (http://www.coral.org/node/130). The creation of more marina patrol areas can be utilized to watch for illegal fishing. Following the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Code of Conduct, which “has helped modify national fisheries laws by creating a Code of Conduct in cooperation with governments, NGOs, and industry in support of sustainable aquaculture, fisheries operations, fisheries management, fish processing, and trade” can additionally prohibit overfishing (http://www.coral.org/node/130). Finally, using safe fishing methods such as the “dolphin safe” method (specific for fishing tuna) to catch fish to avoid the collateral damage of other fish is again another strategy to put overfishing to a halt (http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/dolphins-whales/the-disturbing-facts-about-dolphin-safe-tuna/4298).

http://www.cottagesrus.com/images/marine%20patrol.jpg

Effects of Damming Rivers (specifically the Tigris and Euphrates)

Rivers have provided humans with “commerce, transportation, irrigation, and waste disposal” extensively throughout history (Molles pp. 68). Currently, humans are taking advantage of rivers. Turkey is specifically violating the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has built 22 dams (i.e. Ataturk, Karakaya, and Keban) and 19 power plants “to [alleviate] Turkey’s electricity and agriculture needs” (http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/tigris.htm). This is causing enormous tension with Syria, Iran, and Iraq because they also rely on the Tigris and Euphrates. However, Turkey controls most of the headwaters; inevitably, they have the upper hand in this situation. Not only is there political tension, but also there are negative ecological effects with the Tigris and Euphrates: elimination of the natural flow, alteration of temperatures, and disruption of the movement of migratory fish (Molles pp. 68). Damming a river undeniably creates a change in flow rate. This alteration “[results] in a flow rate that has a smaller range of values and peaks that occur at times related to need rather than the dictates of nature” (http://science.jrank.org/pages/1942/Dams-Impact-dams.html). This can eventually lead to a stop of flow beneath the dam completely. Another issue is temperature. Naturally, rivers change temperatures with the seasons. However, with dams temperature does not vary. Lastly, migratory fish are also suffering from the building of dams. This disruption is eliminating fish populations (http://www.ctriver.org/programs/restoration/fish_in_trouble/index.html).

http://archive.arabnews.com/2007/11/td1.jpg

B.

Water Scarcity

I have not personally been victim of a water drought. However, I imagine that my day-to-day activities would have to be adjusted. For example, I would not take excessively long showers nor leave the water running while washing dishes. I would also use rain barrels. I would consciously think about my water usage in order to conserve as much water possible. However, even if one was not undergoing water scarcity, I think that water should not be treated with superfluity in order to be ecological friendly. Though, if I were to experience water scarcity, I believe it would be because humans polluted my water supply that I relied on.

http://planetgreen.discovery.com/home-garden/rainbarrels.jpg

Societies do exist where water scarcity is a way of life. This can be because of economic and physical water scarcity. Either societies cannot afford the water (even if there is an abundant supply), or demographically there is not a sufficient water source for a society (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/areas-of-physical-and-economic-water-scarcity). However, despite water scarcity, some people choose to live in dry climates. For example, molds and dust mites thrive better in wetter climates versus dry climates (http://www.acaai.org/patients/resources/allergies/Pages/house-dust-allergy.aspx). Therefore, people with serious allergy conditions (i.e. chronic sinusitis) may choose to live in dry biomes to benefit their health.

Total World Population and Average World per Capita Water Availability

The total world population is predicted to increase by about 11,667 people from 1950 to 2050. The average world per capita water availability is predicted to decrease by 12,500 from 1950 to 2050.

Total world population and average world per capita water availability are inversely proportional to one another (as total world population increases, average world per capita water availability decreases).

The world population continues to climb each year because society is creating means to live longer (i.e. medicine, diet, lifestyle, ect.). Water is one of the resources that humans need for survival. However, there is a fixed amount of water available to humans. Therefore, the demand for water rises as the population grows.

If the predictions for world population growth and per capita water availability come true, there could possibly be more societies where people have to live with water scarcity.

http://whyfiles.org/131fresh_water/images/world_water.gif

A.

The coordinates of The White Tower of Thessaloniki, Greece are 40° 38′ N, and 22° 56′ E.

The coordinates of St. Mary’s Episcopal School (my primary school) are 37° 07′ N, and 89° 54′ W.

The biome that corresponds to Memphis, TN would be Temperate Grasslands. Molles’ Ecology says that “winters in temperate grasslands are generally cold and summers are hot.” I completely agree with that statement. The variables that determine the biome in which I live are precipiation, termperature, and topography. The climate of temperate grasslands usually has around 300 and 1,000 mm of precipitation each year. During the summer is when they receive the most rainfall. Although they are not as dry as deserts, they can experience droughts for up to several years. Though Memphis is considered a temperate grassland, it always undergoes more than plenty of rain each season. Therefore, I do not think the “drought” categorization applies to Memphis because it receives 1338.9 mm of precipitation annually (according to http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Tennessee/Memphis/).

B.

I believe that the ecological footprint of Bangladesh is so small because it is extremely overpopulated and has a very high poverty rate. These factors do not allow Bangladesh to become very developed and therefore their ecological footprint is very small. On the other hand, the United States has an extremely large ecological footprint. I believe this is true because it is such a highly developed country in: energy, technology, and transportation. I conclude that average per capita income affects ecological footprints with a directly proportional relationship because as average per capita income for each country rises so does their ecological footprint.

My ecological footprint is little less than a third of the average person in the United States. Even though my footprint is about half the footprint that each Swedish person leaves, it is about three times that of a person who lives in Bangladesh and also the Philippines. My ecological footprint is not terrible, but it can still be improved. I can do this by using more energy efficient appliances, eating more organic foods, and by taking buses/trains instead of planes for short distances.

Actions are Louder Than Words